湿地系统氮的生物地球化学研究概述   总被引：4，自引：0，他引：4  

王洋  刘景双  孙志高  王金达  张学林 《湿地科学》2006,4(4):311-320

系统地回顾了湿地系统氮的生物地球化学循环的研究进展。在氮的输入与累积方面,概述了湿地的大气干湿沉降、湿地有机氮素的矿化、植物累积与枯落物分解以及氮的湿地迁移转化的过程及影响因素等。分析了湿地氮的硝化、反硝化过程,并对湿地土壤水分、水位、温度、pH、Eh、有机质含量、土壤质地、土壤基质以及植被类型等影响因素进行了深入的分析和讨论。并分析了湿地氮各种存在形态的生态效应,展望和提出了湿地氮生物地球化学研究的方向和重点。  相似文献   

Impact of regional geology, land use and flow path on stream water chemistry in a small watershed     

Jae Gon Kim Jin-Soo Lee Kyung Seok Ko Tack Hyun Kim Chul-Min Chon Gyoo Ho Lee Tong Kwon Kim Yongje Kim Sung Won Park 《中国地球化学学报》2006,25(B08):140-140

Stream water chemistry is dependent on the physical, chemical and biological processes occurring in the watershed. Understanding the governing mechanism of the stream water chemistry in a watershed is the first step for the water quality management. The study area drains a total catchment area of 1.46 km^2 and consists of forest （80%）, upland （15%） and rice paddy field （5%）. The studied area has two distinctive bedrocks, quartzite and schist. We periodically collected the stream water samples at mainstream and tributaries and the pH, electrical conductivity （EC）, alkalinity and the concentrations of cations and anions of the collected stream water samples were determined in the field and laboratory. The all collected water samples were nearly neutral and the EC and concentrations of Na, K, Ca, Sr, Si and HCO3 of the stream water samples collected from the schist terrain had greater values than those from the quartzite terrain. The mainstream running along the boundary of schist and quartzite terrains had the intermediate values of the tributaries. The stream water samples collected in and near the upland showed a high concentration of NO3^- than those of forest regardless the lithology. The stream pathway was also directly reflected on the chemistry of stream water. The stream water drained in the forest of quartzite terrain had the lowest values of alkalinity, EC and concentrations of cations and anions but the stream water drain in the upland of schist terrain had the highest values of EC and concentrations of cations and anions, especially NO3^-.  相似文献   

A 2200-yr record of hydrologic variability from Foy Lake, Montana, USA, inferred from diatom and geochemical data     

Lora R. Stevens  Jeffery R. Stone  Josh Campbell  Sherilyn C. Fritz 《Quaternary Research》2006,65(2):264-274

A 2200-yr long, high-resolution (∼5 yr) record of drought variability in northwest Montana is inferred from diatoms and δ¹⁸O values of bio-induced carbonate preserved in a varved lacustrine core from Foy Lake. A previously developed model of the diatom response to lake-level fluctuations is used to constrain estimates of paleolake levels derived from the diatom data. High-frequency (decadal) fluctuations in the de-trended δ¹⁸O record mirror variations in wet/dry cycles inferred from Banff tree-rings, demonstrating the sensitivity of the oxygen-isotope values to changes in regional moisture balance. Low frequency (multi-centennial) isotopic changes may be associated with shifts in the seasonal distribution of precipitation. From 200 B.C. to A.D. 800, both diatom and isotope records indicate that climate was dry and lake level low, with poor diatom preservation and high organic carbon: nitrogen ratios. Subsequently, lake level rose slightly, although the climate was drier and more stable than modern conditions. At A.D. 1200, lake level increased to approximately 6 m below present elevation, after which the lake fluctuated between this elevation and full stage, with particularly cool and/or wetter conditions after 1700. The hydrologic balance of the lake shifted abruptly at 1894 because of the establishment of a lumber mill at the lake's outlet. Spectral analysis of the δ¹⁸O data indicates that severe droughts occurred with multi-decadal (50 to 70 yr) frequency.  相似文献   

Quench rates in air, water, and liquid nitrogen, and inference of temperature in volcanic eruption columns     

Zhengjiu Xu  Youxue Zhang   《Earth and Planetary Science Letters》2002,200(3-4):315-330

We apply a geospeedometer previously developed in this lab to investigate cooling rate profiles of rhyolitic samples initially held at 720–750°C and quenched in water, liquid nitrogen, and air. For quench of mm-size samples in liquid nitrogen and in air, the cooling rate is uniform and is controlled by heat transfer in the quench medium instead of heat conduction in the sample. The heat transfer coefficient in ‘static’ air decreases with increasing sample size. For quench of mm-size samples in water, heat transfer in water is rapid and the cooling rate is largely controlled by heat conduction in the sample. Our experimental results are roughly consistent with previous calculations for cooling in air and in water (although constant heat transfer coefficients were used in these calculations), but cooling rate in liquid nitrogen is only 1.8–2.3 times that in ‘static’ air, and slower by a factor of 2 than calculated by previous authors. Cooling rate in compressed airflow is about the same as that in liquid nitrogen. The experimental results are applied to interpret cooling rates of pyroclasts in ash beds of the most recent eruptions of the Mono Craters. Cooling rates of pyroclasts are inversely correlated with sample size and slower than those in air. The results indicate that the hydrous species concentrations of the pyroclasts were frozen in the eruption column, rather than inside ash beds or in flight in ambient air. From the cooling rates, we infer eruption column temperature in a region where and at a time when hydrous species concentrations in a pyroclast were locked in. The temperature ranges from 260 to 570°C for the most recent eruptions of Mono Craters. These are the first estimates of temperatures in volcanic eruption columns. The ability to estimate cooling rates and eruption column temperatures from eruptive products will provide constraints to dynamic models for the eruption columns.  相似文献   

On Visualization for Assessing Kriging Outcomes   总被引：7，自引：0，他引：7  

James R. Carr 《Mathematical Geology》2002,34(4):421-433

Extant opinion about kriging is that all weights should be positive. Visualizations rendered by converting kriged grids to digital images are presented to show that negative weights may be beneficial to some spatial problems. In particular, variogram models with zero-valued nuggets, already well known to minimize smoothing through kriging, result in a visual resolution substantially superior to that from kriging with a variogram model having a nonzero nugget value in application to satellite acquired data. Negative weights are more likely when using variogram models with zero-valued nuggets, but resultant visualizations often show a smoother transition between extreme data values. This is true even when a variogram model having a nugget value of zero is not optimum with respect to mean square error, as is demonstrated using a nitrate data set. An analogy to digital image processing is used to suggest that the influence of negative weights in kriging is similar to a high-boost kernel.  相似文献   

中国东北地区中新生代岩浆岩中氮及其同位素组成   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  

张成君  文启彬等 《地质论评》2002,48(1):24-28

通过真空热解法分析中国东北地区中新生代以来形成的碱性玄武岩和基性侵入岩中氮含量及其同位素组成的差异，结果表明喷出岩和侵入岩中流体组分在岩浆的上升侵入过程中有不同的表现形式，喷出岩与围岩有较少的混染作用发生。碱性玄武岩包裹体中氮含量较低，为1．91－14．01μL/ g，δ^15N为－22．6‰～-1.8‰。侵入岩包裹体中氮含量为25．39－731.30μL/g,δ^15N为＋0．7‰～ 20.9‰。碱性玄武岩中N2含量和氮同位素组成可能部分代表了上地幔流体的特征，脱气作用造成同位素值有较大变化；而侵入岩中的N2含量和氮同位素组成更多地反映了地壳中含氮物质浓度及同位素组成特征。  相似文献   

Nitrogen export by runoff and sediment under different types of land use in West Tiaoxi catchment     

Liang Tao Ph.D.  Zhang Xiumei  Zhang Shen  Yu Xingxiu  Wang Hao 《地理学报(英文版)》2002,12(4):443-450

Five typical land covers in West Tiaoxi catchment of China, including mulberry garden, bamboo forest, pinery, vegetable plot and paddy field, were studied on nitrogen loss in artificial rainstorm runoff and sediment. Triple duplication experiments have been carried out under the artificial rain condition with an intensity of 2 mm.mm⁻¹ and lasting 32 minutes in 3 m² field. Export of various species of nitrogen in runoff and sediment were investigated. The results show that nitrogen loss amount and rate are quite different among five kinds of land covers. The loss of total nitrogen in runoff of mulberry is the largest and that of paddy field is the smallest. Particle nitrogen accounts for 70–90% of total nitrogen in runoff of various kinds of land covers. Loss of dissolved nitrogen in pinery is much higher than in other kinds of land covers, which are similar among them. More detailed species of dissolved nitrogen show their respective features among various land covers. Total amounts of nitrogen loss from the top 10 cm layer of 5 kinds of soils are estimated as high as 4.66–9.40 g.m⁻², of which nitrogen loss through sediment of runoff accounts for more than 90%. The rate of total nitrogen losses are ranged in 2.68–14.48 mg.m⁻².min⁻¹ in runoff, which is much lower than that of 100.01–172.67 mg.m⁻².min⁻¹ in sediment of runoff.  相似文献   

低熟油、烃源岩中含氮化合物分布规律及其地球化学意义   总被引：18，自引：3，他引：18  

李素梅  庞雄奇  黎茂稳  金之钧 《地球化学》2002,31(1):1-7

对八面河地区原油、油砂以及不同成熟度和岩性有异的烃源岩中吡咯类化俣物的分布特征及其潜在的地球化学意义进行了探讨。结果表明，随着成熟度的增加，八面河地区烃源岩中吡咯类化合物中屏蔽化程度高的异构体比屏蔽化程度低的异构体富集，咔唑及苯并咔唑系列中低相对分子质量的同系物比高相对分子质量的同系物富集，苯并[a]咔唑比苯并[c]咔唑富集。八面河地区原油中吡咯类化合物有较为明显的运移分馏效应，观察到高、低相对分子质量的同系物间的运移分馏效应比不同类型异构体间的分馏效应更为显著，而前者受成熟度的影响可能相对小于后者；发现吡咯类化合物的油气运移分馏效应不仅体现于不同氮官能团屏蔽、半屏蔽和暴露三类异构体间，同样体现于同一类型的同分导师构体之间，指示此类化合物有较强的活性。吡咯类化俣物与烃类化合物一样具有多方面潜在的地球化学意义。  相似文献   

原油运移过程中的氮同位素分馏作用   总被引：4，自引：2，他引：4  

陈传平  梅博文 《地球化学》2002,31(2):201-205

辽河高升油田和塔里木轮南14井为实例，探索了原油横向和纵向运移过程中氮同位素的分馏作用，初步探讨了原油中含氮有机化合物的运移机制。在莲花油层中，原油沿横向运移约10km后，δ^15N值由12．80‰逐渐变化为11．07‰，下降了1.73‰。在轮南14井由下至上753m厚的五个油层中，原油δ^15N值由0.24‰逐渐变化到－2．92‰，下降了3．19‰。两个实例均表明，原油的运移过程会引起δ^15N值下降。  相似文献   

作物水分氮素生产函数模型的研究   总被引：4，自引：0，他引：4       下载免费PDF全文

王康  沈荣开  王富庆 《水科学进展》2002,13(6):736-740

在水分生产函数动态产量模型的基础上,考虑土壤氮素对作物生长的影响,建立了作物水分 氮素生产函数动态产量模型,根据作物生长过程中水分和氮素状态,可以对干物质生长过程进行跟踪和预测预报,利用北京永乐店试验资料进行模型参数的拟合,并应用该模型对不同生育阶段干物质产量进行预测,效果良好。  相似文献